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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people who suffer from ADHD are prescribed medication for the condition. It can help improve symptoms, but it could also have side effects. If you experience adverse reactions, consult your GP about them. The most commonly prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare professionals for ADHD is stimulants. These medicines increase levels of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters that control the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice used to treat ADHD in adults and children. It works by enhancing the activity of brain regions that control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other conditions like narcolepsy. It can help those suffering from Narcolepsy remain awake throughout the day and increase their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication can have the potential to be abused and is classified as to be a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. It is recommended to take this medication exactly as prescribed to lower the chance of abuse and side negative effects. Methylphenidate can trigger psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also cause worse behavioral problems and tics in certain people suffering from bipolar disorder or Tourette's syndrome. Before taking this medication, those suffering from these conditions should consult their doctor. Tell your doctor if there are any other health issues or if you're allergic to food or dyes. (For instance tartrazine is a yellow dye that can be found in processed food items and in some medicines. If you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate is a drug that can interact with other medications, including opioids, antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, like isocarboxazid (Marplan) Linezolid (Zyvox) and methylene blue, phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam, Zelapar), or tranylcypromine (Parnate). Avoid alcohol and other stimulant substances while taking methylphenidate. These can have a dangerous impact on your blood pressure and heart rate. The tablets with immediate release methylphenidate (Ritalin) and chewable tablets with long-acting properties and long-acting orally disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. It can be dangerous if you have a genetic condition called phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion is an antidepressant medication that works in the brain to improve mood and reduce symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which is a condition that occurs during the fall-winter months. It can also be utilized to aid in the cessation of smoking by reducing nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms. A number of studies conducted on adults have revealed that bupropion can improve ADHD symptoms when compared to placebo. The fixed effect RR pooled for week-6 improvements (using the criteria of a clinically significant improvement of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equals 52% of the bupropion group and 37% of the placebo group. Bupropion could cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions a number of different medications, including sedatives antidepressants, and some blood pressure drugs. It may also increase the risk of seizures for those with a history of seizure or high blood pressure. It is also contraindicated for use by people with certain medical conditions. It should not be taken by women who are nursing or pregnant. Bupropion is available under the brand-name medications Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Budeprion SR, Aplenzin, and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants (or TCAs, are a class of drugs that work by affecting brain chemicals. They were one of the first antidepressants that were that were developed, and though they are no longer considered a first-line treatment for depression, they can still be effective for some patients suffering from other conditions. They work by preventing the reuptake of dopamine serotonin and noradrenaline by increasing their levels in neurons. They can be used to treat a variety of other conditions, including enuresis, pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia, and phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs can be effective in treating ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are prescribed alone or combined with stimulants. They can improve core symptoms and decrease anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. They can also assist in managing tics. They are uncontrollable repetitive actions or sounds like blinking or throat clearing. TCAs may cause adverse reactions, including sedation and dry mouth, and increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. They can also negatively interact with other medications like anticholinergics and should never be taken by pregnant women. These medications are also known to cause teratogenic effects in animals and they can cross the placenta. If you have any concerns, talk to your doctor for advice, as there are more modern antidepressants with a safer adverse-effect profile. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are a class of drugs that hinder serotonin reuptake within neurons and increase the amount of serotonin available for signaling. They also decrease anxiety and impulsive behavior. They are utilized to treat adhd because they can help sufferers with their symptoms and can work when used in conjunction with other medications. Examples of SSRIs include paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a lower clearance from the human body. However they are extensively processed by CYP450 enzymes within the liver. This causes varying blood concentrations. These drugs are also prescribed to treat various disorders, such as major depressive disorder, bulimia nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine escitalopram and sertraline can help to reduce PTSD symptoms. However, they don't appear to be effective for other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs may cause an uncommon side effect of sexual dysfunction. It is essential to discuss this with your doctor if are thinking of taking one of these medications. It is common for people to have to try several different types of ADHD medication before they can find the one that works best for them. The medications are constantly being developed and researched. It is also crucial to disclose all the medications you take to your physician. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). When stimulant drugs do not work for adults with ADHD doctors recommend an inhibitor of selective norepinephrine reuptake (SNRI). These drugs increase the levels of two brain chemicals known as norepinephrine and serotonin. They also aid in improving mood and decrease depression and anxiety. SNRIs have similar side effects to TCAs however they are less harmful. They are prescribed for a variety of conditions including anxiety disorders, long-term pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. They can also be employed as an adjunct treatment for depression. Examples of SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta) and Venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications act by inhibiting the reabsorption (reuptake) of norepinephrine, which is a natural reaction in the brain following neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal phasic release of norepinephrine. The increased norepinephrine levels help increase concentration and mood. SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but certain doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are most often taken orally as pills, however, they can also be taken in the form of patches or liquids. The FDA approved a SNRI for oral use known as viloxazine or Qelbree for treating ADHD in adolescents and children in April 2021. It is not a controlled drug because it does not have the potential to be misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are prescribed to treat anxiety and depression, but also aid in the management of ADHD symptoms. Several studies have shown that SNRI drugs, such as duloxetine and venlafaxine, can significantly reduce the score of different ADHD questionnaires. However, Iam Psychiatry can increase a person's blood pressure and could interact with certain drugs. It is crucial to consult with a doctor prior to taking these medications. In addition, improperly disposed medication can cause harm to both humans and animals. It is therefore essential to follow the proper disposal guidelines. SSRIs and SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors are able prescribe these medications off-label. They are safe and effective, as well as having less adverse effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor and discuss your child's health concerns. SNRIs can increase the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine however they aren't suitable for everyone. For example women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs as they may be passed into breast milk. People with liver or blood pressure issues should not be taking these drugs, either, because they can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people with ADHD discover that medication can help them increase their concentration and focus. Some people may also notice a decrease in impulsive behavior. The medication is often combined with behavioral therapy and training to help people learn how to manage their symptoms. Finding the appropriate medication for each patient takes time. During this process, doctors monitor physical reactions to determine the ideal balance between benefits and adverse effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, boost the activity of specific brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. They are generally safe and effective for most people, however, they may cause serious side effects, including decreased appetite and trouble sleeping. These side effects usually disappear after a few weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Children and adults can also take non-stimulant medications. They may take longer to effect their effects however they can help improve impulse control and concentration. They could include alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (atomoxetine, viloxazine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants can also be effective in treating ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in the brain, and aid in depression and impulsive behavior. Bupropion is an example an antidepressant that has been used to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label”, but drugmakers came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved the use of it as an treatment.